Highlights

Record Level: student x incident x year 
Record Count: 111,000 records/year 
Years Covered: 2011-present 
Population Coverage: public school students in Michigan

The State of Michigan provides discipline data in a single dataset that includes all reported disciplinary incidents in Michigan schools from 2011 to present. Suspensions are required to be reported in all years for students with IEPs, and expulsions are required to be reported in all years for all students.

There is a large increase in reporting starting in the 2017-2018 school year, when reporting suspensions for all students became mandatory for all Michigan schools. However, this policy ended after the 2017-2018 school year, so beginning in 2018-2019 schools were no longer required (but were still encouraged) to report suspensions for students without an IEP. In all years, schools were able to voluntarily report suspensions for students without an IEP. A suspension is an event resulting in a student’s removal from their usual education setting for one half of the school day or longer.

The raw data included identifiers such as student Id (RIC), school year, school and district code; incident date, and type of incident; type and length of disciplinary action; and any administrative follow up to address the incident (e.g. referred to mental health agency). These data are intended to be unique at the student x year x incident level, but additional de-duplication will be required to get the data to this level of uniqueness as an explicit incident identifier is not provided. Evidence suggests deduplication can be accomplished by grouping at the student x year x school x district x incident date level.

Incident reporting changes after the 2010-11 school year, with 34 incident types used in 2010-11, but only 12 aggregated types used in the subsequent years. Definitions of each can be seen in the tables below. The majority of incidents in each year are coded under the “Other” designation. In addition, each incident is assigned to 1 of 5 disciplinary actions (in-school suspension, out-of-school suspension, removal by hearing officer, unilateral removal, and expulsion). Definitions of each can be seen in the tables below. While there are some guidelines and requirements around the severity of the disciplinary action, in many cases this is left to school/teacher discretion. Researchers should note that there are no disciplinary codes in the 2010-11 school year.

Out-of-school suspensions are the most common type of disciplinary action, encompassing approximately 75% of disciplinary actions across years. In-school suspensions account for an additional roughly 22-25% of disciplinary actions, and expulsions account for 1-2% of disciplinary actions. There are very few instances of unilateral removal or removal by a hearing officer.

Data Quality & Summary

There are a number of unique features of the discipline data that researchers should note. First, as mentioned above, there are no disciplinary codes for the 2010-11 school year, so those values will show up as missing for those years. There is no missingness for disciplinary codes in other years. There is no missingness on the incident codes across years (though most incidents are coded in the “Other” category). The length of the disciplinary action (ranging from 0.5 days to 888 days) is missing for 2010-11, but there is no missingness in other years.

Second, reporting of suspensions for students without IEPs was only mandatory for schools in the 2017-18 school year, but schools could report this voluntarily before and after, which led to a large increase in suspensions in 2017-18 and a decrease thereafter. There is also a large decrease in incidents reported in the 2020-2021 school year, which is likely related to the COVID-19 pandemic and virtual schooling.

Finally, the US Department of Education collects school-level aggregate data on discipline through the Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC). These data are collected every other year and are collected for students both with and without disabilities. School districts report these data directly to the Office for Civil Rights (OCR), so there is no guaranteed relationship between the data reported to CEPI for inclusion in the K-12 discipline dataset and the data found in the CRDC. These data are the most correlated in 2017-18, when disciplinary incidences were required for all students (r=0.84 for out-of-school suspensions (OSS) and r=0.75 for in-school suspensions (ISS)). In general, however, correlations are high across years for students with IEPS (r~0.85 for OSS and r~0.75 for ISS), but low for students without IEPs in years where reporting for students without IEPs was not required (r~0.15).

Current reporting guidelines for incident types (post 2010-11):

Incident TypeDescription
Firearm Possession - HandgunUse or possession of a firearm that has a short stock and is designed to be held and fired by the use of a single hand.
Firearm Possession - Rifle/ShotgunUse of a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fired from the shoulder, and designed or redesigned and made or remade to use the energy of an explosive to fire through a smooth bore either a number of or a single projectile.
Firearm Possession - Other than Handgun, Rifle or ShotgunUse of a firearm other than a handgun or a rifle/shotgun, including any weapon converted to expel a projectile, any explosive, incendiary, poison gas, bomb, grenade, rocket/missile, mine or similar device.
Other Weapon PossessionUse of a dagger, dirk, stiletto, knife with blade over three inches in length (NOTE: For students with an active IEP the blade measurement is two and one-half inches or longer), pocket knife opened by mechanical device, iron bar or brass knuckles.
Illicit DrugPossession or use of marijuana, hashish or other cannabinoids on school grounds. Possession or use of other illicit drugs on school grounds. Being under the influence of marijuana or illicit drugs on school grounds. Possession or use of prescription drugs that the student does not have a prescription for. Inappropriate use of medication on school grounds. Trafficking or possession for sale of marijuana or other illicit drugs on school grounds.
AlcoholPossession or use of alcohol on school grounds. Being under the influence of alcohol on school grounds.
Bomb or Similar ThreatAny threat (verbal, written or electronic) by a person to bomb or use other substances or devices for the purpose of exploding, burning or causing damage to a school building or school property, or to harm students or staff.
ArsonTo unlawfully and intentionally damage, or attempt to damage, any real or personal property by fire or incendiary device.
OtherBehaviors not covered by another code that result in disciplinary action.
Physical Violence with injuryInjury in which one or more students, school personnel or other persons on school grounds require professional medical attention. Examples include stab or bullet wounds, concussions, fractured or broken bones, or cuts requiring stitches.
Physical Violence without injuryConfrontation, tussle or physical aggression that does not result in injury.
TobaccoTobacco possession or use on school grounds.

Disciplinary Action Descriptions

Disciplinary ActionDescription
In-School SuspensionInstances in which a student is temporarily removed from their regular classroom(s) for disciplinary purposes but remains under the direct supervision of school personnel. Direct supervision means a school staff member is physically in the same location as students under its supervision.
Out-of-School SuspensionInstances in which a child is temporarily removed from their regular school for disciplinary purposes to another setting (e.g., home, behavior center). For students with disabilities receiving special education programs or services, this includes both removals in which no IEP services are provided because the removal is 10 days or less and removals in which the child continues to receive services according to their IEP. Suspensions must be less than 60 days in duration.
Removal By Hearing Officer(Special education participants only) Instances in which an impartial hearing officer orders the removal of a child with disabilities from their current educational placement to an appropriate alternative educational setting for not more than 45 school days based on the hearing officer’s determination that maintaining the child’s current placement is substantially likely to result in injury to the child or others. The IEP team is responsible for determining the interim alternative educational setting.
Unilateral Removal(Special education participants only) Instances in which school personnel (not the IEP team) order the removal of children with disabilities from their current educational placement to an appropriate interim alternative educational setting for not more than 45 school days. The IEP team is responsible for determining the interim alternative educational setting. Unilateral removals do not include decisions by the IEP team to change a student’s placement.
ExpulsionInstances in which the local educational agency removes a child from their regular school for disciplinary purposes for the remainder of the school year or longer in accordance with local educational agency policy. Include removals resulting from violations of the Gun-Free Schools Act that are modified to less than one year (365 days). Expulsions may be reported when the duration of days removed are 60 or more

Codebook

Showing 701 - 800 of 1138 results
Category Sort descending Variable Description
Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_PHYS_ZIP_LINE_ONE Description: 

The zip code of the physical address for the entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_PHYS_STATE Description: 

The state of the physical address for the entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_PHYS_CITY Description: 

The city of the physical address for the entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_PHYS_ADD_LINE_TWO Description: 

The second line of the physical address for the entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_PHYS_ADD_LINE_ONE Description: 

The first line of the physical address for the entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_NAME Description: 

The official name assigned to a School or Facility (Building) type of entity in the Educational Entity Master (EEM)..

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_CODE Description: 

The five-digit code assigned to the building in the Educational Entity Master (EEM).

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_BASED_HEALTH_CENTER Description: 

Flag denoting that this entity has a school-based health center. School-Based Health Centers are comprehensive primary health care clinics operating on school property for children and youth.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SAT_TEST_CENTER Description: 

Flag to specify if the entity is authorized to offer the SAT test.

Category: K12 Building Variable: RCCI_OR_YOUTH_HOME Description: 

Flag denoting if the entity is a residential child care institution or youth home. A child-care facility which provides 24-hour care. These are residences for neglected or delinquent children

Category: K12 Building Variable: PROSPERITY_REGION_NAME Description: 

The name of the region to which the county belongs.

Category: K12 Building Variable: PROSPERITY_REGION_CODE Description: 

The code corresponding to the region the county belongs within for the purposes of the Regional Prosperity Initiative.

Category: K12 Building Variable: PRE_KINDERGARTEN Description: 

Flag denoting if the entity provides Pre-K. Pre-kindergarten is a national technical term for a state, local or privately funded preschool program for children one or two years before kindergarten entry.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ALTERNATIVE_EDUCATION Description: 

Flag denoting schools and unique education providers that provide alternative education programs for suspended and/or expelled students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: OUT_OF_SCHOOL_TIME_PGM_SVS Description: 

Flag denoting that this entity has programs offered/paid for by school or district during the time regular school is not in session for K-12 students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: OTHER_BEFORE_AFTER_SCH_PGM Description: 

Flag denoting that this entity has programs for K-12 students offered at times when school is not in session and funded through sources other than the school/district and not fee-based.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOL_PHYS_ZIP_LINE_TWO Description: 

The +4 zip code of the physical address for the entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SCHOOLS_OF_CHOICE_OFFERED Description: 

Flag denoting that this entity participates in schools of choice. The schools of choice provisions in Section 105 and 105c of the State School Aid Act are designed to allow local school districts to enroll nonresident students and count them in membership without having to obtain approval from the district of residence.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SPECIAL_EDUCATION Description: 

Flag to specify if the entity provides special education programs. Special education means specially designed instruction, at no cost to the parents, to meet the unique educational needs of the student with a disability and to develop the student’s maximum potential.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SPECIAL_EDUCATION_CENTER_PGM Description: 

Flag to specify if the entity provides special education center programs. “Center program” refers to a program operated by a district or intermediate district for special education pupils from several districts in programs for pupils.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SUPPLEMENTAL_VIRTUAL_SCHOOL Description: 

Supplemental virtual; the school offers virtual courses but virtual instruction is not the primary means of instruction.

Category: K12 Building Variable: TUITION_BEFORE_AFTER_SCH_PGM Description: 

Flag denoting that this entity has programs for K-12 students offered at times school is not in session for which a fee is charged.

Category: K12 Building Variable: TWENTY_FIRST_CENTURY_COMM_CNT Description: 

Flag denoting this entity is used as a 21st century community learning center. The purpose is to create community learning centers for those times when school is not in session that provide K-12 students with activities designed to complement their regular academic program, as well as additional enrichment opportunities.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ACTIVELY_EDUCATING Description: 

A District-level flag identifies entities that are actively engaged in educating students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ADULT_EDUCATION Description: 

Flag denoting entities that provide instruction to adult students working towards a GED or education advancement.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ALT_ED_SERVICE_TYPE Description: 

The type of alternative education provided, if applicable.

Category: K12 Building Variable: LOCALE Description: 

A measure of a school’s location relative to populous areas as determined by NCES.

Category: K12 Building Variable: AMOUNT Description: 

The revenue amount for the related breakdown.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SUFFIX_DESC Description: 

In the revenue data, the suffix description further distinguishes restrictive revenue sources by program or grant source.​

Category: K12 Building Variable: OPERATIONAL_DISTRICT_TYPE Description: 

Labels the entity by type. (PSA District, LEA District, and ISD)

Category: K12 Building Variable: MAJOR_CLASS_CODE_DESC Description: 

The major class description is the basic account description in the balance sheet and revenue data. In the balance sheet, this denotes transactions involving assets, liabilities and fund balance. In the revenue, the major class description denotes the source of incoming dollars between local, state, federal or other.

Category: K12 Building Variable: FISCAL_YEAR Description: 

This is the school fiscal year that begins on July 1 and goes thru June 30th (e.g. 2012 refers to the school fiscal year from July 1, 2011 thu June 30 , 2012).

Category: K12 Building Variable: HIGHER_ED_NAME Description: 

Entity Name of the Higher ED.

Category: K12 Building Variable: NON_SCH_CHILD_NUTRITION_SPN Description: 

Flag denoting an entity that participates in the USDA-sponsored Child Nutrition Programs (CACFP, SCSM, SFSP, TEFAP and CSFP) where formal instruction is not mandated.

Category: K12 Building Variable: NEGLECTED_INSTITUTION Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is authorized to offer instruction in a Neglected Institution setting. A neglected institution is a public or private residential facility, other than a foster home, that is operated primarily for the care of children who have been committed to the institution, or voluntarily placed in the institution under applicable State law, due to abandonment, neglect, or death of their parents or guardians.

Category: K12 Building Variable: NCES_CODE Description: 

This NCES code is assigned by the U.S. Department of Education to identify the Entity at the federal level.

Category: K12 Building Variable: MAGNET_TYPE Description: 

This characteristic denotes whether or not a school is a magnet school and which type of magnet association applies.

Category: K12 Building Variable: MAGNET_ID Description: 

The Magnet ID code associated with the magnet type.

Category: K12 Building Variable: LOCKED_DOWN_SCHOOL Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is authorized to offer instruction in a locked down school setting. This entity restricts student movement.

Category: K12 Building Variable: TRANSACTION_TYPE Description: 

Revenue entry type.

Category: K12 Building Variable: LICENSED_BOARDING_SCHOOL Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is a licensed boarding school. “Boarding school” means a place accepting for board, care, and instruction 5 or more children under 16 years of age.

Category: K12 Building Variable: JUVENILE_DETENTION_FACILITY Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is authorized to offer instruction in a Juvenile Detention Facility setting. A detention facility for juvenile delinquents who have been placed there by court order.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ISD_NAME Description: 

Denotes the official or legal name of the ISD entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ISD_CODE Description: 

The state-assigned two-digit number, as recorded in the Educational Entity Master (EEM), that identifies the Intermediate School District (ISD) or Educational Service Agency (ESA) in which the district or program is located.

Category: K12 Building Variable: IS_PUBLIC Description: 

Indicates whether the entity is a public or private institution

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_KG_AUTH Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is authorized to offer instruction of Kindergarten students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_KG_ACTUAL Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is offering instruction of Kindergarten students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_12_AUTH Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is authorized to offer instruction of Twelfth grade students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_11_AUTH Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is authorized to offer instruction of Eleventh grade students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_11_ACTUAL Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is offering instruction of Eleventh grade students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_10_AUTH Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is authorized to offer instruction of Tenth grade students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_10_ACTUAL Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is offering instruction of Tenth grade students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EXPND_CAT Description: 

Expenditure category descritpions related to header codes.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EXPND_SUBHEADER_DESC Description: 

3 digit expenditure category, with 2nd digit detail description

Category: K12 Building Variable: FUNCTION_DESC Description: 

The basic account description for expenditures. This code represents the activity for which a service or material is acquired.

Category: K12 Building Variable: STATE_GRANT_DESC Description: 

The description for each state level grant.

Category: K12 Building Variable: OBJECT_CODE_TYPE Description: 

Overall object code categories.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EXPND_SUBHEADER_CODE Description: 

3 digit expenditure category, with 2nd digit detail code

Category: K12 Building Variable: EXPND_HEADER_DESC Description: 

3 digit expenditure category code description.

Category: K12 Building Variable: BUILDING_NAME Description: 

The building name, as recorded in the Educational Entity Master (EEM).

Category: K12 Building Variable: SUBHEADER_OBJECT_CODE Description: 

The first two digits of the object code.

Category: K12 Building Variable: OBJECT_DESC Description: 

This description is used to describe the service or commodity obtained as the result of a specific expenditure. The broad categories include salaries, benefits, purchased services, supplies/materials, and capital outlay.

Category: K12 Building Variable: STATE_GRANT_CODE Description: 

The unique identifier code for each state level grant.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SUBHEADER_OBECT_DESC Description: 

The description of the first two digits of the object code.

Category: K12 Building Variable: BUILDING_CODE Description: 

The state-assigned five-digit building number, as recorded in the Educational Entity Master (EEM).

Category: K12 Building Variable: DISTRICT_CODE Description: 

The state-assigned five-digit number assigned in the Educational Entity Master (EEM), which identifies the public school district responsible for providing education to the reported student.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EXPENDITURE_FUNCTION_CODE Description: 

Expenditures General Fund Summary Function Code.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EXPND_HEADER_CODE Description: 

3 digit expenditure category code.

Category: K12 Building Variable: HEADER_OBJECT_CODE Description: 

4-digit broad expenditure categories for object codes

Category: K12 Building Variable: HEADER_OBJECT_DESC Description: 

The description of the first digit of the object code.

Category: K12 Building Variable: OBJECT_CODE Description: 

The code used to describe the service or commodity obtained as the result of a specific expenditure. The broad categories include salaries, benefits, purchased services, supplies/materials, and capital outlay. This code is to the 3rd digit detail level.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EXPENDITURE_FUNCTION_CAT Description: 

Expenditures by function category

Category: K12 Building Variable: FUNCTION_CODE Description: 

The basic account identifier for expenditures. This code represents the actiivty for which a service or material is acquired.

Category: K12 Building Variable: FUND_DESC Description: 

The description for a fund that represents a sum of money or other resources that is set aside for specific activities of a school district. This constitues a complete accounting entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: FUND_CODE Description: 

The alphanumeric code representing a sum of money or other resource set aside for specific activities of a school district. This constitues a complete accounting entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: INDICATOR_CODE Description: 

Indicates whether the amount in balance as an Asset (A), Balance (B), or Liabiliy (L).

Category: K12 Building Variable: MAJOR_CLASS_CODE Description: 

The major class code is the basic account identifier in the balance sheet and revenue data. In the balance sheet, the major class code denotes transactions involving assets, liabilities and fund balance. In the revenue, the major class code denotes the source of incoming dollars between local, state, federal or other.

Category: K12 Building Variable: SUFFIX_CODE Description: 

In the revenue data, the suffix code further distinguishes restrictive revenue sources by program or grant source.​

Category: K12 Building Variable: EDUCATIONAL_SERVICE_PROVIDER Description: 

An Educational Service Provider or management organization are entities that can be contracted by a PSA district. Educational Service Providers are 'for-profit' or 'non-profit' firms that provide whole-school operation services to public school agencies. A management organization is any group or organization that provides human resources, administrative or managerial support.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ENTITY_TYPE_CATEGORY Description: 

Identifies whether the entity is considered State, ISD, LEA, PSA, or Nonpublic.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ENTITY_TYPE Description: 

Entity types is a combination of entity type category name and group name.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ENTITY_STATUS Description: 

This description denotes the open/closed status of the entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ENTITY_NAME Description: 

Entity Name of the Early middle college entity having a higher Ed affiliation.

Category: K12 Building Variable: ENTITY_CODE Description: 

Entity Code of the Early middle college entity having a higher Ed affiliation.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_PROGRAM Description: 

Flag to specify an early-middle college program provided within an entity which offers non-college options.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_MEMCA_CERTIFICATION_DATE Description: 

The date the early/middle college program or school received certification from the Michigan Early Middle College Association.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_MEMCA_CERTIFICATION Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity has been certified by the Michigan Early Middle College Association (MEMCA) to provide students who successfully complete the early/middle college program with a MEMCA technical certificate.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_FOCUS_WELDING Description: 

Flag to specify if this EMC has a Welding focus

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_FOCUS_VOCATIONAL Description: 

Flag to specify if this EMC has a Vocational focus

Category: K12 Building Variable: DISTRICT_NAME Description: 

Denotes the official or legal name of the district entity.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EARLY_MIDDLE_COLLEGE Description: 

Flag to specify an EMC (Early Middle College). Also called “Early college high school” or “middle college”, this refers to a public high school designed to allow pupils to earn a high school diploma and an associate degree or up to two years of transferable college credits.

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_09_ACTUAL Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is offering instruction of Ninth grade students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EEM_SNAPSHOT_DAY Description: 

The date in which EEM snapshot was created. These static 'Snapshots' of data are what is loaded to the MSLDS.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_ENTITY Description: 

Flag to specify an EMC entity that exclusively contains early-middle college courses and students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_FOCUS_ARTS Description: 

Flag to specify if this EMC has an ART focus

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_FOCUS_AUTO Description: 

Flag to specify if this EMC has an AUTO focus

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_FOCUS_BUSINESS Description: 

Flag to specify if this EMC has a Business focus

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_FOCUS_CIS Description: 

Flag to specify if this EMC has a CIS focus

Category: K12 Building Variable: GR_09_AUTH Description: 

Flag to specify if this entity is authorized to offer instruction of Ninth grade students.

Category: K12 Building Variable: EMC_FOCUS_STEM Description: 

Flag to specify if this EMC has a STEM focus